Butterfly Fish (2.5”)

The African Butterfly Fish is a unique freshwater surface-dwelling species, well known for its wing-like pectoral fins and predatory behavior. It is a primitive species, the only member of its genus and family, and is found in slow-moving waters across West and Central Africa.

Maximum Size and Lifespan

• Grows up to 10–13 cm (4–5 inches) in length.

• Typical lifespan is 5–7 years in captivity with proper care.

Recommended Aquarium Size, Water Changes, and Care

• Tank size: Minimum 20 gallons for a single/few specimen, though larger tanks are preferred if keeping with tankmates or in a larger group.

• Water parameters:

  • Temperature: 75–85°F

  • pH: 6.0–7.5

• Tank setup:

  • Must have a tight-fitting lid (they are skilled jumpers).

  • Provide floating plants for cover and to reduce stress.

  • Keep water movement low to mimic their natural still or slow-moving waters.

• Water changes: 25–30% weekly is recommended to maintain excellent water quality.

Tankmates

• Best kept in a peaceful community with caution.

• Ideal tankmates: medium-sized, calm fish that occupy mid and bottom levels, such as Congo tetras, Synodontis catfish, and peaceful small to medium sized cichlids.

• Avoid:

  • Fin-nipping species (barbs, some tetras).

  • Small fish that fit in its mouth (guppies, small rasboras).

  • Aggressive or territorial species that may harass it.

Diet

• Carnivorous surface predator.

• In the wild, feeds on insects and small fish that fall onto the water surface.

• In captivity:

  • They will accept floating carnivore pellets with frozen bloodworms and brine shrimp mixed into their diet

   

Overview

The African Butterfly Fish is a fascinating top-dwelling predator, perfect for aquarists wanting something unusual and prehistoric-looking. With its large pectoral fins, it glides across the water’s surface and hunts anything small that falls within range. It requires a calm aquarium with floating vegetation and a secure lid, as it can leap from the water when startled. Its specialized surface lifestyle and insectivorous diet make it less adaptable than many community fish, but with proper care, it thrives and adds unique behavior to the aquarium.

Natural Environment

• Native to slow-moving rivers, swamps, and floodplains across West and Central Africa (Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo Basin).

• Usually found at the water surface among vegetation, where it ambushes prey.

Breeding

• Egg scatterer; no parental care.

• Breeding in aquariums is challenging but possible with the right setup.

  • Pair may spawn near floating plants.

  • Eggs float and should be collected to a separate rearing tank.

  • Fry are very delicate and require tiny live foods (infusoria, newly hatched brine shrimp).

• Success is rare, as fry are sensitive to water conditions and need constant access to surface air due to their primitive lung-like organ.